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11 pages, 3771 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Skin Extract Prevents Weight Gain and Hyperglycemia in High-Fat Diet-Induced Model of Obesity in Mice

by Riitta Ryyti, Mari Hämäläinen, Tiina Tolonen, Marianne Mäki, Mari Jaakkola, Rainer Peltola and Eeva Moilanen

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2107; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132107 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

The percentage of obese people is increasing worldwide, causing versatile health problems. Obesity is connected to diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which are preceded by a state called metabolic syndrome. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been reported to decrease [...] Read more.

The percentage of obese people is increasing worldwide, causing versatile health problems. Obesity is connected to diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which are preceded by a state called metabolic syndrome. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been reported to decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Berries with a high polyphenol content, including lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), have also been of interest to possibly prevent obesity-induced metabolic disturbances. In the present study, we prepared an extract from the by-product of a lingonberry juice production process (press cake/pomace) and investigated its metabolic effects in the high-fat diet-induced model of obesity in mice. The lingonberry skin extract partly prevented weight and epididymal fat gain as well as a rise in fasting glucose level in high-fat diet-fed mice. The extract also attenuated high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance as measured by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). The extract had no effect on the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride or the adipokines adiponectin, leptin, or resistin. The results extend previous data on the beneficial metabolic effects of lingonberry. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms behind these effects and to develop further health-promoting lingonberry applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Anti-obesity Properties of Food Bioactive Components)

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24 pages, 7838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends and Perspectives of Nostalgia in Tourism: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

by Angie Lorena Salgado Moreno, Jorge Alexander Mora Forero, Raquel García Revilla and Olga Martínez Moure

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5651; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135651 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

The main objective of this bibliometric review is to identify and analyze the development of the field of nostalgia tourism through a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature. To this end, this article performs a bibliometric analysis in R Core Team 2022-Bibliometrix software [...] Read more.

The main objective of this bibliometric review is to identify and analyze the development of the field of nostalgia tourism through a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature. To this end, this article performs a bibliometric analysis in R Core Team 2022-Bibliometrix software 4.2.3, complemented by VOSviewer software 1.6.20 and a systematic review of the Scopus and Science Direct database to provide information on the most researched topics, the most influential authors and publications, as well as the areas requiring further research. The findings underscore the significance of nostalgia tourism in addressing the growing demand among travelers for authentic and meaningful experiences. By invoking emotional memories, fostering connections to the past, and emphasizing the quest for authenticity, this form of tourism enables visitors to engage deeply with destinations and activities that transcend conventional tourism. Consequently, it enriches their journeys with a profound sense of discovery, belonging, and cultural identity. The findings of this study make a valuable contribution to the literature on nostalgia tourism by providing a relevant and comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art. This analysis provides a better understanding of the theoretical and conceptual framework of the articles published to date, which is important to consider to enrich the academic debate on nostalgia tourism and for future research. Full article

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15 pages, 11104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FEM-Based Conductive Heat Transfer Analytical Description of Solidification Rate and Temperature Gradient during Lateral Laser Beam Oscillation Welding of Aluminum Alloy

by Jason Cheon, Cheolhee Kim, Sanghoon Kang and Minjung Kang

Materials 2024, 17(13), 3248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133248 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing the finite element method (FEM)-based conductive heat transfer (CHT) analysis simulation to determine temperature gradients and solidification rates at the solid–liquid interface during laser beam oscillation welding. By comparing experimental observations with FEM-based CHT analysis, the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing the finite element method (FEM)-based conductive heat transfer (CHT) analysis simulation to determine temperature gradients and solidification rates at the solid–liquid interface during laser beam oscillation welding. By comparing experimental observations with FEM-based CHT analysis, the underlying microstructural evolution and grain formation during welding were examined. FEM-based CHT enables the calculation of temperature gradients (G) and solidification rates (R), offering insights into the formation of equiaxed structures, which are crucial for suppressing hot cracking. Columnar-to-equiaxed structure transition thresholds, such as G/R and G³/R, accurately predict the emergence of fully equiaxed grain structures, validated by electron backscatter diffraction. This research provides valuable insights into temperature gradients and solidification rates in oscillation welding, guiding process design for achieving refined equiaxed structures and minimizing hot cracks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Welding Alloys and Steels)

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21 pages, 7854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ensemble Machine Learning and Data Mining Approach to Enhance Stroke Prediction

by Richard Wijaya, Faisal Saeed, Parnia Samimi, Abdullah M. Albarrak and Sultan Noman Qasem

Bioengineering 2024, 11(7), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11070672 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Stroke poses a significant health threat, affecting millions annually. Early and precise prediction is crucial to providing effective preventive healthcare interventions. This study applied an ensemble machine learning and data mining approach to enhance the effectiveness of stroke prediction. By employing the cross-industry [...] Read more.

Stroke poses a significant health threat, affecting millions annually. Early and precise prediction is crucial to providing effective preventive healthcare interventions. This study applied an ensemble machine learning and data mining approach to enhance the effectiveness of stroke prediction. By employing the cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) methodology, various techniques, including random forest, ExtraTrees, XGBoost, artificial neural network (ANN), and genetic algorithm with ANN (GANN) were applied on two benchmark datasets to predict stroke based on several parameters, such as gender, age, various diseases, smoking status, BMI, HighCol, physical activity, hypertension, heart disease, lifestyle, and others. Due to dataset imbalance, Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was applied to the datasets. Hyperparameter tuning optimized the models via grid search and randomized search cross-validation. The evaluation metrics included accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC). The experimental results show that the ensemble ExtraTrees classifier achieved the highest accuracy (98.24%) and AUC (98.24%). Random forest also performed well, achieving 98.03% in both accuracy and AUC. Comparisons with state-of-the-art stroke prediction methods revealed that the proposed approach demonstrates superior performance, indicating its potential as a promising method for stroke prediction and offering substantial benefits to healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare)

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20 pages, 5343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Neural Network Prediction of Compliance Coefficients for Composite Shear Keys of Built-Up Timber Beams

by Irene A. Ladnykh, Nabi Ibadov and Hubert Anysz

Materials 2024, 17(13), 3246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133246 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

This article explores the possibility of predicting the compliance coefficients for composite shear keys of built-up timber beams using artificial neural networks. The compliance coefficients determine the stresses and deflections of built-up timber beams. The article analyzes current theoretical methods for designing wooden [...] Read more.

This article explores the possibility of predicting the compliance coefficients for composite shear keys of built-up timber beams using artificial neural networks. The compliance coefficients determine the stresses and deflections of built-up timber beams. The article analyzes current theoretical methods for designing wooden built-up timber beams with shear keys and possible ways of applying them in modern construction. One of the design methods, based on the use of the compliance coefficients, is also discussed in detail. The novelty of this research is that the authors of the article collected, analysed, and combined data on the experimental values of the compliance coefficient for composite shear keys of built-up timber beams obtained by different researchers and published in other studies. For the first time, the authors of this article generated a table of input and output data for predicting compliance coefficients based on the analysis of the literature and collected data by the authors. As a result of this research, the article’s authors proposed an artificial neural network (ANN) architecture and determined the mean absolute percentage error for the compliance coefficients k_w and k_i, which are equal to 0.054% and 0.052%, respectively. The proposed architecture can be used for practical application in designing built-up timber beams using various composite shear keys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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33 pages, 4187 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hard Ticks as Vectors: The Emerging Threat of Tick-Borne Diseases in India

by Nandhini Perumalsamy, Rohit Sharma, Muthukumaravel Subramanian and Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan

Pathogens 2024, 13(7), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070556 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Hard ticks (Ixodidae) play a critical role in transmitting various tick-borne diseases (TBDs), posing significant global threats to human and animal health. Climatic factors influence the abundance, diversity, and vectorial capacity of tick vectors. It is imperative to have a comprehensive understanding of [...] Read more.

Hard ticks (Ixodidae) play a critical role in transmitting various tick-borne diseases (TBDs), posing significant global threats to human and animal health. Climatic factors influence the abundance, diversity, and vectorial capacity of tick vectors. It is imperative to have a comprehensive understanding of hard ticks, pathogens, eco-epidemiology, and the impact of climatic changes on the transmission dynamics of TBDs. The distribution and life cycle patterns of hard ticks are influenced by diverse ecological factors that, in turn, can be impacted by changes in climate, leading to the expansion of the tick vector’s range and geographical distribution. Vector competence, a pivotal aspect of vectorial capacity, involves the tick’s ability to acquire, maintain, and transmit pathogens. Hard ticks, by efficiently feeding on diverse hosts and manipulating their immunity through their saliva, emerge as competent vectors for various pathogens, such as viruses, parasites and bacteria. This ability significantly influences the success of pathogen transmission. Further exploration of genetic diversity, population structure, and hybrid tick vectors is crucial, as they play a substantial role in influencing vector competence and complicating the dynamics of TBDs. This comprehensive review deals with important TBDs in India and delves into a profound understanding of hard ticks as vectors, their biology, and the factors influencing their vector competence. Given that TBDs continue to pose a substantial threat to global health, the review emphasizes the urgency of investigating tick control strategies and advancing vaccine development. Special attention is given to the pivotal role of population genetics in comprehending the genetic diversity of tick populations and providing essential insights into their adaptability to environmental changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ticks)

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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 18153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Impact of Recent and Future Urbanization on Flooding in an Indian River Catchment

by Sonu Thaivalappil Sukumaran and Stephen J. Birkinshaw

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5652; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135652 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Socioeconomic growth in India has caused massive infrastructure development which has resulted in extensive damage to the natural environment. A consequence of this urbanization has been extensive monsoon flooding in many locations within the country. The impact of recent land use and land [...] Read more.

Socioeconomic growth in India has caused massive infrastructure development which has resulted in extensive damage to the natural environment. A consequence of this urbanization has been extensive monsoon flooding in many locations within the country. The impact of recent land use and land cover (LULC) change because of urbanization and a series of future LULC scenarios is assessed for the Meenachil river basin in central Kerala, India. This catchment flows into the Kuttanad administrative area, which has the country’s lowest elevation, an increasing population, and currently suffers from regular flooding. Hydrological modeling using SHETRAN and hydraulic modeling using HEC-RAS predicts that an extreme event will produce a 105% rise in flood depth in 2100 compared to 2005. A scenario that incorporates Nature-based Solutions suggests the rise in flood depth could be reduced by 44%. A catchment response for future development is needed but is hindered by different administrative boundaries within the river basins that flow into the Kuttanad administrative area, and so this study concludes by providing regional-scale planning recommendations that integrate hydrologic components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Urban Climate Change and Ecosystem Services)

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24 pages, 2511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytoplankton Assemblage over a 14-Year Period in the Adriatic Sea: Patterns and Trends

by Sanda Skejić, Blanka Milić Roje, Frano Matić, Jasna Arapov, Janja Francé, Mia Bužančić, Ana Bakrač, Maja Straka and Živana Ninčević Gladan

Biology 2024, 13(7), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13070493 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Considering the role of phytoplankton in the functioning and health of marine systems, it is important to characterize its responses to a changing environment. The central Adriatic Sea, as a generally oligotrophic area, is a suitable environment to distinguish between regular fluctuations in [...] Read more.

Considering the role of phytoplankton in the functioning and health of marine systems, it is important to characterize its responses to a changing environment. The central Adriatic Sea, as a generally oligotrophic area, is a suitable environment to distinguish between regular fluctuations in phytoplankton and those caused by anthropogenic or climatic influences. This study provides a long-term perspective of phytoplankton assemblage in the central eastern Adriatic Sea, with 14 years of continuous time series data collected at two coastal and two offshore stations. The predominant phytoplankton groups were diatoms and phytoflagellates, but their proportion varied depending on the vicinity of the coast, as evidenced also by the distribution of chlorophyll a. In the coastal environment, the phytoplankton biomass was substantially higher, with a higher proportion of microphytoplankton, while small phytoplankton accounted for the majority of biomass in the offshore area. In addition, a decreasing trend in diatom abundance was observed in the coastal waters, while such trend was not so evident in the offshore area. Using a neural gas algorithm, five clusters were defined based on the contribution of the major groups. The observed increase in diversity, especially in dinoflagellates, which outnumber diatom taxa, could be a possible adaptation of dinoflagellates to the increased natural solar radiation in summer and the increased sea surface temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Marine Plankton)

9 pages, 384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Effectiveness of Targeted Therapies Following Nivolumab Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Real-World Study

by Deniz Işık, Oğuzcan Kınıkoğlu, Goncagül Akdağ, Yunus Emre Altıntaş, Ezgi Türkoğlu, Sedat Yildirim, Heves Sürmeli, Tuğba Başoğlu, Hatice Odabaş and Nedim Turan

Medicina 2024, 60(7), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071088 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background: The treatment and escape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has rapidly evolved, particularly with the integration of immune therapies into first-line regimens. However, optimal strategies following progression in first-line immunotherapy remain uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety [...] Read more.

Background: The treatment and escape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has rapidly evolved, particularly with the integration of immune therapies into first-line regimens. However, optimal strategies following progression in first-line immunotherapy remain uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of axitinib and cabozantinib as third-line therapies after progression on nivolumab following first-line VEGF-TKI therapy. Methods: Patients with metastatic RCC who progressed on prior nivolumab treatment after receiving first-line VEGF-TKI therapy were included. Data on patient characteristics, treatment regimens, response rates, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were collected. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the prognostic factors and treatment outcomes. Results: A total of 46 patients were included who were predominantly male (83%) with clear-cell histology (89%). The median PFS on first-line TKI therapy was 10.2 months. All the patients received nivolumab as a second-line therapy, with a median of 12 cycles. The median second-line PFS was seven months. Third-line therapies included axitinib (24 patients) and cabozantinib (20 patients). The median PFS for axitinib and cabozantinib was six months, with comparable survival outcomes. The IMDC risk group and treatment tolerability were significant predictors of survival in multivariate analysis. Adverse events were manageable, with hypertension, fatigue, and diarrhea being the most common. Conclusion: Axitinib and cabozantinib show promise as third-line therapies post-nivolumab progression in metastatic RCC, though prospective validation is warranted. This study underscores the need for further research to establish treatment standards in this evolving landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

16 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experiences of Individual Care Workers in Oral Care of Dementia Patients

by Evelina Daugėlienė, Karolina Skučaitė, Jurgita Andruškienė, Šarūnė Barsevičienė and Eglė Žymantienė

Medicina 2024, 60(7), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071087 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

: Objective: Dementia is one of the most common diseases in the elderly population. The aim of this study was to reveal the experiences of individual care workers performing oral care for dementia patients. The oral health of the elderly is in a [...] Read more.

: Objective: Dementia is one of the most common diseases in the elderly population. The aim of this study was to reveal the experiences of individual care workers performing oral care for dementia patients. The oral health of the elderly is in a critical state and in most cases not enough attention is paid to this problem. Material and methods: A qualitative research method was chosen for the research. The data collection instrument was a semi-structured interview, the purpose of which was to reveal the experience, knowledge, and attitude of individual care workers towards the importance of oral care and the oral hygiene habits of patients with dementia. The number of research informants was 10. The inclusion criteria were individual care workers working in social care institutions who were responsible for the personal care of dementia patients. Results: The analysis of the study showed that the main obstacles facing individual care workers in performing oral care for dementia patients are related to their cognitive disorders. For this reason, unreasonable fears of patients may arise, which also affect the proper performance of individual oral hygiene and other tasks assigned to employees. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that according the informants’ opinions it is crucial to take care of dementia patients’ oral care daily. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry)

21 pages, 14706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought and Wildfire Trends in Native Forests of South-Central Chile in the 21st Century

by Efraín Duarte, Rafael Rubilar, Francisco Matus, Claudia Garrido-Ruiz, Carolina Merino, Cecilia Smith-Ramirez, Felipe Aburto, Claudia Rojas, Alejandra Stehr, José Dörner, Francisco Nájera, Guillermo Barrientos and Ignacio Jofré

Fire 2024, 7(7), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070230 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Over the last decades, Chile has experienced a long-term drought with significant consequences for water availability, forest productivity, and soil degradation, ultimately dramatically increasing the surface of burned area. Here, we quantify the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) to ascertain the extent of [...] Read more.

Over the last decades, Chile has experienced a long-term drought with significant consequences for water availability, forest productivity, and soil degradation, ultimately dramatically increasing the surface of burned area. Here, we quantify the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) to ascertain the extent of “moisture deficiency” across the central-southern region of Chile from 2000 to 2023 to assess the drought’s relationship with the frequency of wildfires focusing on the impact of native forests. Our methodology quantifies the PDSI from the burned area data using MODIS MCD64A1 satellite imagery, validated by in situ wildfire occurrence records. The findings indicate that 85.2% of fires occurred under moderate to severe drought conditions. We identified 407,561 ha showing varying degrees of degradation due to wildfires, highlighting the critical areas for targeted conservation efforts. A significant increase in both the frequency of wildfires and the extent of the affected area in native forests was observed with the intensification of drought conditions in the 21st century within mesic to humid Mediterranean climatic zones where drought explains up to 41% of the variability in the burned area (r² = 0.41; p < 0.05). This study highlights the relationship between drought conditions and wildfire frequency, showing the paramount need to adopt comprehensive wildfire mitigation management in native forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Remote Sensing Technology for Forest Fire)

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15 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Insights into and In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Combination Therapies for Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

by Saadia Ijaz, Farheen Ansari, Muhammad Nawaz, Hasan Ejaz, Aftab Ahmad Anjum, Aqib Saeed, Tehreem Ali, Obaid Ur Rehman, Eeshal Fatima and Tayyaba Ijaz

Medicina 2024, 60(7), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071086 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), particularly carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB), represents a grave concern in healthcare settings and is associated with high mortality. This study aimed to conduct molecular, mutational, and phylogenetic analyses of specific genes in CRAB [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), particularly carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB), represents a grave concern in healthcare settings and is associated with high mortality. This study aimed to conduct molecular, mutational, and phylogenetic analyses of specific genes in CRAB and evaluate the synergistic effects of selected antimicrobial combinations. Materials and Methods: Phenotypic characterization was performed on six CRAB strains by using the Modified Hodge Test (MHT) and IMP-EDTA Double-Disc Synergy Test (IMP-EDTA DDST). Carbapenemase- and metallo-beta-lactamase-encoding genes were amplified by using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Phylogenetic analysis using the MEGA 11 tool was used to determine the evolutionary relatedness of these genes. Mutational analysis was performed by using I-Mutant, MUPro, and PHD-SNP bioinformatics tools to predict mutations in the carbapenemase-encoding genes. Microdilution checkerboard titration assessed the synergistic effects of antimicrobial combinations (azithromycin–meropenem, rifampicin–meropenem, meropenem–colistin, and azithromycin–colistin) on these CRAB isolates. Results: The phenotypic characterization of six CRAB isolates revealed positive results for MHT and IMP-EDTA DDST. The molecular characterization revealed that carbapenemase- and MBL-encoding genes were present in all isolates with varying frequencies, including blaOXA-51 (100%) and blaIMP (0%). The sequence analysis revealed high evolutionary relatedness to sequences in the NCBI database. The mutational analysis identified 16 mutations, of which 1 mutation (P116L) in the blaOXA-58 gene predicted a change in the protein product, potentially contributing to carbapenem resistance. The checkerboard titration method did not reveal any synergism among the tested antimicrobial combinations against CRAB. Conclusion: This study’s findings underscore the significant challenges posed by CRAB isolates harboring multiple resistant genes in treatment. This highlights the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents, a crucial step towards reducing mortality rates not only in Pakistan but also globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Disease)

28 pages, 878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault-Tolerant Tracking Control of Hypersonic Vehicle Based on a Universal Prescribe Time Architecture

by Fangyue Guo, Wenqian Zhang, Maolong Lv and Ruiqi Zhang

Drones 2024, 8(7), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8070295 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

An adaptive tracking control strategy with a prescribe tracking error and the convergence time is proposed for hypersonic vehicles with state constraints and actuator failures. The peculiarity is that constructing a new time scale coordinate translation mapping method, which maps the prescribe time [...] Read more.

An adaptive tracking control strategy with a prescribe tracking error and the convergence time is proposed for hypersonic vehicles with state constraints and actuator failures. The peculiarity is that constructing a new time scale coordinate translation mapping method, which maps the prescribe time on the finite field to the time variable on the infinite field, and the convergence problem of the prescribe time is transformed into the conventional system convergence problem. The improved Lyapunov function, the improved tuning function, and the adaptive fault-tolerant mechanism are further constructed. Combined with the neural network, the prescribe time tracking control of the speed subsystem and the height subsystem are realized respectively. Combined with the Barbalat lemma and Lyapunov stability theory, the boundedness of the closed-loop system is proved. The simulation results have proven that, compared with other control strategies, it can ensure that the tracking error converges to the prescribe interval in the prescribe time and meets the constraints of the whole state of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Control, Optimization, and Game of UAV Swarm Systems)

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14 pages, 4162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Safety Characteristics of Different Types of Pepper Powder (Capsicum L.)

by László Kosár, Zuzana Szabová, Richard Kuracina, Stefan H. Spitzer, Miroslav Mynarz and Bohdan Filipi

Fire 2024, 7(7), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070229 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

This research was aimed at comparing the fire characteristics of different types of pepper in the context of explosion prevention. The following characteristics were studied: explosion pressure P_max and K_st at selected concentrations, ignition temperature of the deposited dust layer from [...] Read more.

This research was aimed at comparing the fire characteristics of different types of pepper in the context of explosion prevention. The following characteristics were studied: explosion pressure P_max and K_st at selected concentrations, ignition temperature of the deposited dust layer from the hot surface, and minimum ignition energy. The comparison of the chemical properties of the used types of pepper was performed using TG/DSC. The results of the measurements suggest that different types of peppers exhibit different explosion characteristics. Each sample reached the maximum value of the explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise at different concentrations. The volume of the explosion chamber used also influenced the explosion characteristics. It is a consequence of the fact that the explosion characteristics strongly depend on the mechanism of action of a particular igniter. The minimum effect on the safety characteristics was observed when measuring the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer from the hot surface. The results of the measurements suggest that different types of peppers exhibit different explosion characteristics. This information should then be considered in explosion prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire and Explosions Risk in Industrial Processes)

15 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural, Morphological and Ferroelectric Properties of Sr-Cd Co-Doped Nickel Ferrite for Energy Storage Devices

by Huda A. Alburaih, Muhammad Ahsan ul Haq, Abdul Jabbar, Atiq ur Rehman, Amel Laref, Mohamed Musa Saad Hasb Elkhalig and Naveed Ahmad Noor

Magnetochemistry 2024, 10(7), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10070048 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Ferroelectric materials, renowned for their capacity to demonstrate spontaneous electric polarization reversible through an external electric field, are essential in numerous technological applications owing to their distinctive characteristics. For this, a series of spinel Sr-Cd co-doped nickel ferrite nanomaterials Cd₀._5−x [...] Read more.

Ferroelectric materials, renowned for their capacity to demonstrate spontaneous electric polarization reversible through an external electric field, are essential in numerous technological applications owing to their distinctive characteristics. For this, a series of spinel Sr-Cd co-doped nickel ferrite nanomaterials Cd₀._5−xSr_xNi₀.₅Fe₂O₄ (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were prepared through the standard sol-gel auto combustion method The XRD patterns showed that the prepared samples have a cubic spinel structure. The crystallite sizes of the samples vary from 29 to 40 nm. The morphology of prepared samples showed uniformly distributed spheres. Magnetic properties showed the soft magnetic nature of the prepared ferrites. The ferroelectric study revealed that Sr-Cd substituted ferrites exhibited the elliptical nature of ferroelectric loops at normal room temperature. The maximum polarization has been achieved at x = 0.3. The understanding of current and voltage (I–V) showed a slowly decreasing tendency of leakage current on both sides symmetrically against the increasing Sr content. The conductivity of the prepared spinel increases as a function of higher Sr doping. The real part of dielectric constant increases with increasing frequency. The materials show large elliptical loops indicating high asymmetric ferroelectric energy storage capability. Full article

20 pages, 920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of the Performance of a Novel Ejector–Diffuser System with Different Supersonic Nozzle Arrays

by Dachuan Xu, Yunsong Gu, Wei Li and Jingxiang Chen

Fluids 2024, 9(7), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9070155 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

The supersonic–supersonic ejector–diffuser system is employed to suck supersonic low-pressure and low-temperature flow into a high-pressure environment. A new design of a supersonic–supersonic ejector–diffuser was introduced to verify pressure control performance under different operating conditions and vacuum background pressure. A 1D analysis was [...] Read more.

The supersonic–supersonic ejector–diffuser system is employed to suck supersonic low-pressure and low-temperature flow into a high-pressure environment. A new design of a supersonic–supersonic ejector–diffuser was introduced to verify pressure control performance under different operating conditions and vacuum background pressure. A 1D analysis was used to predict the geometrical structure of an ejector–diffuser with a rectangular section based on the given operating conditions. Different numbers and types of nozzle plates were designed and installed on the ejector to study the realizability of avoiding or postponing the aerodynamic choking phenomenon in the mixing section. The effects of different geometrical parameters on the operating performance of the ejector–diffuser system were discussed in detail. Experimental investigation of the effects of different types of nozzle plates and the back pressures on the pressure control performance of the designed ejector–diffuser system were performed in a straight-flow wind tunnel. The results showed that the position, type and number of the nozzle plates have a significant impact on the beginning of the formation of aerodynamic choking. The geometry of the ejector and the operating conditions, especially the backpressure and inlet pressure of the ejecting stream, determined the entrainment ratio of the two supersonic streams. The experimental results showed that long nozzle-plate had a better performance in terms of maintaining pressure stability in the test section, while short a nozzle-plate had a better pressure matching performance and could maintain a higher entrainment ratio under high backpressure conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer Technologies)

16 pages, 8607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Factors and Effects of Climate Lag on Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Infection in Eastern Coastal Cities of China: A Study Based on Hangzhou City

by Hangqi Ren, Ting Liu, Hao Hou, Xiaojuan Qi, Lei Fang, Yinyi Yang and Rong Ma

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132116 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Bacterial foodborne diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus pose persistent challenges to coastal cities in China. In this study, we employed multiple logistic regression analysis and distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and associated risk factors of vibriosis in the [...] Read more.

Bacterial foodborne diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus pose persistent challenges to coastal cities in China. In this study, we employed multiple logistic regression analysis and distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and associated risk factors of vibriosis in the metropolitan area of Hangzhou from 2014 to 2018. Analysis of foodborne cases indicated that certain demographics and occupational factors, including age between 16 and 44 years; houseworkers or unemployed individuals; preference for aquatic and meat products; and dining in collective canteens or catering services contribute to an increased likelihood of V. parahaemolyticus infection. Moreover, a higher per capita GDP and exposure to high temperatures were identified as risk factors for vibriosis. This study highlights the significance of the daily mean temperature as a meteorological factor influencing V. parahaemolyticus infection, with varying lag effects observed depending on temperature conditions. At low temperatures, the risk of infection occurs after a lag of 21 days, whereas at high temperatures, the risk is highest on the same day, while the second infection risk period occurs after a lag of 21 days. These findings provide a spatiotemporal perspective of the risk analysis of foodborne diseases, with a daily timescale and street spatial scale, which contributes to the development of public health strategies and food safety protocols in coastal cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)

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20 pages, 3124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soy Protein Isolate Gel Subjected to Freezing Treatment: Influence of Methylcellulose and Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Gel Stability, Texture and Structure

by Xiaoyu Xia, Binyang Zhang, Yuyang Huang, Ying Zhu, Min Qu, Linlin Liu, Bingyu Sun and Xiuqing Zhu

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2117; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132117 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Freezing affects texture and induces the loss of gel quality. This study investigated the effects of methylcellulose (MC) (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) (0.15%, 0.3%) on the gel textural and structural properties of SPI gels before and after freezing, and explores [...] Read more.

Freezing affects texture and induces the loss of gel quality. This study investigated the effects of methylcellulose (MC) (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) (0.15%, 0.3%) on the gel textural and structural properties of SPI gels before and after freezing, and explores the synergistic enhancement of gel texture and the underlying mechanisms resulting from the simultaneous addition of SHMP and MC to SPI gels. It was revealed that MC improved the strength of SPI gels through its thickening properties, but it could not inhibit the reduction of SPI gels after freezing. The 0.4% MC-SPI gel exhibited the best gel strength (193.2 ± 2.4 g). SHMP inhibited gel reduction during freezing through hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions; it enhanced the freezing stability of SPI gels. The addition of 0.15% SHMP made the water-holding capacity in SPI gels reach the highest score after freezing (58.2 ± 0.32%). The synergistic effect of MC and SHMP could improve the strength and the freezing stability of SPI gels. MC facilitated the release of ionizable groups within SPI, causing negatively charged SHMP groups to aggregate on the SPI and inhibit the freezing aggregation of proteins. These results provide a strong basis for the improvement of cryogenic soy protein gel performance by SHMP and MC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)

19 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sausage Quality during Storage under the Partial Substitution of Meat with Fermented Oyster Mushrooms

by Meltem Boylu, Géza Hitka and György Kenesei

Foods 2024, 13(13), 2115; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132115 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

The increasing global demand for meat production, driven by a rapidly expanding population and changing dietary preferences has prompted the search for protein-rich, sustainable, and healthier meat alternatives. In this context, edible mushrooms are viewed as advantageous substitutes for meat, offering a viable [...] Read more.

The increasing global demand for meat production, driven by a rapidly expanding population and changing dietary preferences has prompted the search for protein-rich, sustainable, and healthier meat alternatives. In this context, edible mushrooms are viewed as advantageous substitutes for meat, offering a viable solution. This study aimed to investigate the effects of partially replacing (25% and 50%) pork meat in sausage samples with fermented oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), which were subjected to various pretreatments. Six different pretreatments were applied to fresh oyster mushrooms as follows: blanching in water, steaming, oven-cooking, microwave treatment, high hydrostatic pressure treatment, and ultraviolet light treatment. The effects of mushroom replacement on the moisture, pH, lipid oxidation, color, and textural properties of sausages during the 4-week refrigerated storage period were evaluated. The results revealed that replacing pork meat with fermented oyster mushrooms resulted in an increase in moisture content and b* values and a decrease in pH, L*, a*, and shear force values, proportional to the mushroom percentage. The lipid oxidation findings suggest that the antioxidant capabilities of fermented oyster mushrooms were influenced by the pretreatment methods applied to the mushrooms, exhibiting varying levels of effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mushrooms in Food Industry and Human Nutrition)

32 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Comprehensive Review on Discriminant Analysis for Addressing Challenges of Class-Level Limitations, Small Sample Size, and Robustness

by Lingxiao Qu and Yan Pei

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071382 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

The classical linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm has three primary drawbacks, i.e., small sample size problem, sensitivity to noise and outliers, and inability to deal with multi-modal-class data. This paper reviews LDA technology and its variants, covering the taxonomy and characteristics of these [...] Read more.

The classical linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm has three primary drawbacks, i.e., small sample size problem, sensitivity to noise and outliers, and inability to deal with multi-modal-class data. This paper reviews LDA technology and its variants, covering the taxonomy and characteristics of these technologies and comparing their innovations and developments in addressing these three shortcomings. Additionally, we describe the application areas and emphasize the kernel extensions of these technologies to solve nonlinear problems. Most importantly, this paper presents perspectives on future research directions and potential research areas in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Control of Complex Dynamic Systems)

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23 pages, 6106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring and Reconstruction of Actuator and Sensor Attacks for Lipschitz Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Using Two Types of Augmented Descriptor Observers

by Hao Wang, Zhi-Wei Gao and Yuanhong Liu

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071383 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Fault data injection attacks may lead to a decrease in system performance and even a malfunction in system operation for an automatic feedback control system, which has motive to develop an effective method for rapidly detecting such attacks so that appropriate measures can [...] Read more.

Fault data injection attacks may lead to a decrease in system performance and even a malfunction in system operation for an automatic feedback control system, which has motive to develop an effective method for rapidly detecting such attacks so that appropriate measures can be taken correspondingly. In this study, a secure descriptor estimation technique is proposed for continuous-time Lipschitz nonlinear cyber physical systems affected by actuator attacks, sensor attacks, and unknown process uncertainties. Specifically, by forming a new state vector composed of original system states and sensor faults, an equivalent descriptor dynamic system is built. A proportional and derivate sliding-mode observer is presented so that the system states, sensor attack, and actuator attack can be reconstructed successfully. The observer gains are obtained by using linear matrix inequality to secure robustly stable estimation error dynamics. Moreover, a robust descriptor fast adaptive observer estimator is presented as a complement. Finally, the efficacy levels of the proposed design approaches are validated using a vertical take-off and landing aircraft system. Comparison studies are also carried out to assess the tracking performances of the proposed algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Processes in the Context of Industry 4.0)

21 pages, 1146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Application of Treatment Measures for Low-Yield and Low-Efficiency Coalbed Methane Wells in Qinshui Basin

by Lichun Sun, Zhigang Zhao, Chen Li, Ruyong Feng, Yanjun Meng and Yong Li

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071381 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

China is rich in high-grade coalbed methane resources, accounting for one-third of the total amount of coalbed methane resources. Qinshui Basin is the main high ranking coalbed methane mining basin in China. In the early stage of CBM development, low-production and low-efficiency wells [...] Read more.

China is rich in high-grade coalbed methane resources, accounting for one-third of the total amount of coalbed methane resources. Qinshui Basin is the main high ranking coalbed methane mining basin in China. In the early stage of CBM development, low-production and low-efficiency wells were formed in the process of block development because of an insufficient understanding of reservoir geological conditions. The existence of low-yield and low-efficiency wells with low output and a poor development benefit seriously restricts the efficient development of coalbed methane. In order to improve the overall development efficiency of coalbed methane fields, how to revitalize low-yield and low-efficiency wells is the main problem facing the development process of coalbed methane. With the deepening understanding of the study area geology, the formation of low-yield and low-efficiency wells has been basically identified. With the advancement of development technology, developers have the ability to retrofit some low-producing and inefficient wells. Low-production and low-efficiency wells are widely distributed. It is difficult to find the criteria for classifying low-producing and low-efficiency wells because of the great differences in geological conditions and reservoir physical properties in different blocks. In addition, the causes of a low-production and low-efficiency well are complex, as the same well is often caused by many reasons, and how to identify the causes of low-production and low-efficiency wells is difficult. In recent decades, developers have studied many methods to retrofit low-production wells, but the retrofit results are not satisfactory. How to choose an economical and efficient reservoir reconstruction method to revitalize low-production and low-efficiency wells is particularly important. This paper starts with the definition of low-production and low-efficiency wells in different blocks, combining an economic evaluation and productivity characteristics to judge whether they are low-production and low-efficiency wells, and defines the distribution of low-production and low-efficiency wells in blocks. The reasons for the formation of low-production and low-efficiency wells are analyzed with the geological characteristics, production dynamic performance, and engineering reconstruction effects. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the current relatively mature low-production and low-efficiency well treatment measures, clearly identifies the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment measures, and takes corresponding stimulation measures for different causes of low-production and low-efficiency wells. The research shows that there are 687 low-production and low-efficiency wells in block A, accounting for 69.4% of the total number of wells, and the low-production and low-efficiency wells account for a relatively large proportion; so, it is necessary to treat them. The main causes of low-production and low-efficiency wells are geology, engineering and drainage systems. The geological reason mainly refers to the low gas production of coalbed methane wells influenced by three factors: resource abundance, faults, and collapse columns. According to the different causes, three treatment measures of large-scale secondary fracturing, temporary plugging, and diversion fracturing and foam fracturing are put forward. The research method in this paper is targeted at different geological conditions so it can be used to guide the treatment of low-yield and low-efficiency wells in other CBM blocks, and it has very important significance for revitalizing the existing low-efficiency CBM assets and improving the development efficiency of CBM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shale Gas and Coalbed Methane Exploration and Practice)

38 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decoding the Role of CYP450 Enzymes in Metabolism and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

by Basma Hossam Abdelmonem, Noha M. Abdelaal, Eman K. E. Anwer, Alaa A. Rashwan, Mohamed Ali Hussein, Yasmin F. Ahmed, Rana Khashana, Mireille M. Hanna and Anwar Abdelnaser

Biomedicines 2024, 12(7), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071467 - 2 Jul 2024

Abstract

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a group of enzymes that play an essential role in Phase I metabolism, with 57 functional genes classified into 18 families in the human genome, of which the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 families are prominent. Beyond drug metabolism, CYP [...] Read more.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a group of enzymes that play an essential role in Phase I metabolism, with 57 functional genes classified into 18 families in the human genome, of which the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 families are prominent. Beyond drug metabolism, CYP enzymes metabolize endogenous compounds such as lipids, proteins, and hormones to maintain physiological homeostasis. Thus, dysregulation of CYP450 enzymes can lead to different endocrine disorders. Moreover, CYP450 enzymes significantly contribute to fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and bile acid biosynthesis, impacting cellular physiology and disease pathogenesis. Their diverse functions emphasize their therapeutic potential in managing hypercholesterolemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, CYP450 enzymes are implicated in the onset and development of illnesses such as cancer, influencing chemotherapy outcomes. Assessment of CYP450 enzyme expression and activity aids in evaluating liver health state and differentiating between liver diseases, guiding therapeutic decisions, and optimizing drug efficacy. Understanding the roles of CYP450 enzymes and the clinical effect of their genetic polymorphisms is crucial for developing personalized therapeutic strategies and enhancing drug responses in diverse patient populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Metabolism Research)

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